Written by Amol Shah, on Jun-2008

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5.                       RAILWAY COACH AUTOMATION

The temperature of an AC coach is maintained. During summer the Cold air is blown in to decrease the temperature of the coach & during the winter hot air is blown to increase the temperature to maintain the Coach Temperature within the specified limit. Two motors are used for this purpose Motor 1 is used to blow the cold air & Motor 2 is used to Blow the hot air inside the coach. The temperature is sensed using LM35 as a temperature sensor whose output is given to ADC & then to the Micro Controller.  LCD is used to display the current temperature as well as the temperature set point & the Motor Status. A compressor is also used to circulate the air within the compartment.  We will monitor the current used by the compressor using a Current Transformer if the current is above or below a specific limit the compressor can be said to be faulty & need replacement. This is also indicated on the LCD. 

6.                       E-TICKET

It is a universal ticket which allows users to ride on the city's network, consisting of suburban trains, trams, and buses. As customers travel with E-Ticket they scan on at the beginning of their journey and scan off at the end at fare payment devices called E-Ticket scanners. If E-Ticket is not scanned off at the completion of a journey a default fare is likely to be charged. The Ticket Consists of either a RFID card some other form of Electronic Card in which the person’s information such as the CARD ID & the amount is saved. The reader consists of a RFID reader which gives the card details to a microcontroller. The controller then reads the amount & ID number & displays it on the LCD. Amount is deducted from the card & if balance is low a beep is sounded. The card can be recharged at recharge centers.We will be using Re writable RFID tag which is used as the E-TICKET, the E-Ticket scanner will consist of RFID reader cum writer which is serially connected to the Micro controller (8951/8952), a LCD is used to display the person’s serial number as well as the balance in the card. If the balance is not sufficient an alarm will be sounded.     

7.                       DYNAMIC TRAFFIC CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

One of the most pressing problems faced by people in large cities & towns is the congestions of roads leading to those seemingly inadvertent traffic jams. Most of the signals are pre timed i.e. the signal duration is fixed so even if there is less traffic on one of the roads the signal duration remains the same. Sensors are used to determine the traffic on a road & accordingly change the duration of the signal. Moreover all the signals are connected to a central computer where a database is maintained of traffic at different time during the day which can be helpful in traffic analysis & city management. Three Sensors are placed on each road of a crossroad, the output of the sensors are given to microcontroller (8951/8952), the controller then calculates the timing of each signal according to the traffic on each road. This data is also sent to the PC using MAX232, where a database is maintained. 

8.                       PICK AND PLACE ROBOT

Automatic Robotic arms are used in manufacturing industries at places where it is hazardous for humans to work or where very fast, precise & repetitive work needs to be done.Three motors will be used for picking up (pickup point) & placing (drop point) the object. IR sensors will be used to detect if an object has arrived at the pickup point, then the robotic arm will move & pick up the object & move towards the drop point. Another IR sensor is used to check if any object is there at the drop point if so an alarm will be sounded until the object at drop point is removed. As soon as the object is removed, the object in the robotic arm is placed & the arm goes back to initial position.8951/8952 microcontroller is used over here which checks the sensor input & controls the motors. The circuit consist of three motors & their corresponding drivers. Two IR transmitters & receivers for detecting the objects at pickup & drop point.  

9.                       Smart Power Grid

The electrical grid is an interconnected system of power plants, power lines, wires, etc. moving and delivering electricity from power plants to end users. Also referred to as a transmission and distribution (T&D) network, today’s grid faces challenges to keep pace with the modern digital economy and information age, which require higher load demands, uninterruptible power supplies, and other high-quality, high-value services. Micro Controller is placed at intervals to detect the power usage as well as the power consumption at that point. All these controllers are connected together & information like voltage & current consumed is then sent serially to a central computer. If there is a problem in one area then that area can be cut off temporarily from the central computer. Moreover parameters such as transmission power loss, power consumption during different time of the day & power theft can also be detected.Each sensing unit will consists of a current transformer for sensing the current, whose o/p is given to ADC the digital data from the ADC is read by the controller, the controller(8951/8952) is connected  to the central computer using DS75176 which is used for multipoint communication. The sensing unit also contains relays which are used to divert power or cut off power in specific area.

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