| Written by Amol Shah, on Jun-2008 | ||
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1. Embedded Energy Saver
Energy conservation reduces the energy consumption and energy demand per capita, and thus offsets the growth in energy supply needed to keep up with population growth. This reduces the rise in energy costs, and can reduce the need for new power plants, and energy imports. The reduced energy demand can provide more flexibility in choosing the most preferred methods of energy production. This project focuses on Energy conservation by using sensors to sense person coming in & going out of the room or a specific area. Sensors are also used to detect the ambient light & accordingly turn ON bulbs at the required intensity.The circuit consists of Micro Controller 8951/8952, IR sensor for detecting people entering or leaving the room, LDR for detecting the ambient light, ADC for converting the LDR output into digital value & giving to the controller & a TRIAC for Turning ON/OFF & changing the bulbs intensity.
2. DRE Voting Machine
Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) voting machine records votes by means of a ballot display provided with switches & records the data in Memory. The system increases the speed of vote counting. Significant cost can be reduced by using these electronic machines as it saves paper & the printing cost. Using advance technologies it can be used to assist handicapped people. It can also be programmed to display in multiple languages.It basically consists of a Microcontroller (8951/8952). Each Booth will contain a controller with LCD display, Switches for selecting the option, an EEPROM & a serial port which can be used to transmit the data to a PC when final counting has to be done. A remote master switch will be provided with the administrator. The voter can enter a vote only after the master key has been pressed.
3. Automatic Meter Reading
Automatic meter reading, or AMR, is the technology of automatically collecting data from water meter or energy metering devices (water, gas, and electric) and transferring that data to a central database for billing and/or analyzing. This saves employee trips, and in the case of estimates, billing can be based on actual consumption rather than on an estimate based on previous consumption, giving customers better control of their use of electric energy, gas usage, or water consumptionIn this all meters are connected serially to a central computer where the meter reading is received & saved in its database. Moreover if the bill is not paid in time the power can be cut off from the central computer & upon receiving the bill the power can be restored within a minute. The circuit consists of a current transformer for sensing the current, whose o/p is given to ADC the digital data from the ADC is read by the controller, the controller then calculates the current consumed & accordingly increases the meter reading. This is displayed on LCD. The controller is also connected to the central computer using MAX 232 & can switch ON & OFF the power of the house using a relay. An EEPROM is used to save the last meter reading in case of power failure.
4. Patient Monitoring System
It is required to monitor the patient’s temperature, heartbeat & if the temperature increases above certain level injection has to be given. Our system does the same a sensor is used to monitor the patient’s temperature; if the temperature goes above a certain level a predefined amount of medicine is given. And an indication is given to inform the doctor that injection has been given.A microcontroller is used to get the patients temperature & display it on LCD. The amount of medicine to be injected is entered through the keypad & also displayed on LCD.
5. RAILWAY COACH AUTOMATION
The temperature of an AC coach is maintained. During summer the Cold air is blown in to decrease the temperature of the coach & during the winter hot air is blown to increase the temperature to maintain the Coach Temperature within the specified limit. Two motors are used for this purpose Motor 1 is used to blow the cold air & Motor 2 is used to Blow the hot air inside the coach. The temperature is sensed using LM35 as a temperature sensor whose output is given to ADC & then to the Micro Controller. LCD is used to display the current temperature as well as the temperature set point & the Motor Status. A compressor is also used to circulate the air within the compartment. We will monitor the current used by the compressor using a Current Transformer if the current is above or below a specific limit the compressor can be said to be faulty & need replacement. This is also indicated on the LCD.
6. E-TICKET
It is a universal ticket which allows users to ride on the city's network, consisting of suburban trains, trams, and buses. As customers travel with E-Ticket they scan on at the beginning of their journey and scan off at the end at fare payment devices called E-Ticket scanners. If E-Ticket is not scanned off at the completion of a journey a default fare is likely to be charged. The Ticket Consists of either a RFID card some other form of Electronic Card in which the person’s information such as the CARD ID & the amount is saved. The reader consists of a RFID reader which gives the card details to a microcontroller. The controller then reads the amount & ID number & displays it on the LCD. Amount is deducted from the card & if balance is low a beep is sounded. The card can be recharged at recharge centers.We will be using Re writable RFID tag which is used as the E-TICKET, the E-Ticket scanner will consist of RFID reader cum writer which is serially connected to the Micro controller (8951/8952), a LCD is used to display the person’s serial number as well as the balance in the card. If the balance is not sufficient an alarm will be sounded.
7. DYNAMIC TRAFFIC CONTROL & MANAGEMENT
One of the most pressing problems faced by people in large cities & towns is the congestions of roads leading to those seemingly inadvertent traffic jams. Most of the signals are pre timed i.e. the signal duration is fixed so even if there is less traffic on one of the roads the signal duration remains the same. Sensors are used to determine the traffic on a road & accordingly change the duration of the signal. Moreover all the signals are connected to a central computer where a database is maintained of traffic at different time during the day which can be helpful in traffic analysis & city management. Three Sensors are placed on each road of a crossroad, the output of the sensors are given to microcontroller (8951/8952), the controller then calculates the timing of each signal according to the traffic on each road. This data is also sent to the PC using MAX232, where a database is maintained.
8. PICK AND PLACE ROBOT
Automatic Robotic arms are used in manufacturing industries at places where it is hazardous for humans to work or where very fast, precise & repetitive work needs to be done.Three motors will be used for picking up (pickup point) & placing (drop point) the object. IR sensors will be used to detect if an object has arrived at the pickup point, then the robotic arm will move & pick up the object & move towards the drop point. Another IR sensor is used to check if any object is there at the drop point if so an alarm will be sounded until the object at drop point is removed. As soon as the object is removed, the object in the robotic arm is placed & the arm goes back to initial position.8951/8952 microcontroller is used over here which checks the sensor input & controls the motors. The circuit consist of three motors & their corresponding drivers. Two IR transmitters & receivers for detecting the objects at pickup & drop point.
9. Smart Power Grid
The electrical grid is an interconnected system of power plants, power lines, wires, etc. moving and delivering electricity from power plants to end users. Also referred to as a transmission and distribution (T&D) network, today’s grid faces challenges to keep pace with the modern digital economy and information age, which require higher load demands, uninterruptible power supplies, and other high-quality, high-value services. Micro Controller is placed at intervals to detect the power usage as well as the power consumption at that point. All these controllers are connected together & information like voltage & current consumed is then sent serially to a central computer. If there is a problem in one area then that area can be cut off temporarily from the central computer. Moreover parameters such as transmission power loss, power consumption during different time of the day & power theft can also be detected.Each sensing unit will consists of a current transformer for sensing the current, whose o/p is given to ADC the digital data from the ADC is read by the controller, the controller(8951/8952) is connected to the central computer using DS75176 which is used for multipoint communication. The sensing unit also contains relays which are used to divert power or cut off power in specific area.
10. BLACK BOX FOR VEHICLE
Lot of the time drivers drive above limit or over heat the engines thus decreasing the vehicles performance considerable. Moreover accidents occur due to over speeding & are on rise especially amongst the youngsters so parents need to keep a watch on them. Black box for vehicle does the same it checks if the vehicle RPM is above limit & if so logs the RPM along with the time at which the speed limit has been crossed & the number of time the vehicle was above the speed limit. Moreover it checks the engine temperature & if the temperature is above limit a buzzer is sounded. The device is then connected to the PC where the speed logs can be seen.
Microcontroller (8951/8952) is the heart of the project, the controller gets the pulses from the sensor & calculates the vehicle’s RPM. LM35 is used as temperature sensor, the voltage o/p of the sensor is given to ADC, and the controller gets the reading from the ADC. An EEPROM is used to store the logs as well as the RPM & temperature set point. A RTC is used to keep the time so that the exact time of over speeding can also be logged.MAX232 is used to communicate with the PC.
11. AQUARIUM AUTOMATION
Fishes are very sensitive to changes in temperature & surround lighting. In this project we maintain the temperature of the aquarium, the time at which the lights should be turned ON/OFF & the duration of oxygen motor. For this three relays are required one each for heater (temperature control), light & the Oxygen Motor. LM 35 is used as the temperature sensor for sensing the waters temperature, ADC 0808 is used to convert the LM 35’s output into digital value for the controller. RTC (Real Time Clock) is used for real time according to which the Bulb & the Oxygen motor is turned ON/OFF. A LCD is used to display the temperature as well as the time for turning ON & OFF the lights & the blower motor. The timing can be changed using a keypad & is then stored in the ROM area of the RTC. A battery backup is provided so even in case of power failure the real time is not corrupted.
12. Automated Pet Feeder
As pet lovers, we understand that the responsibilities of life sometimes inhibit pet owners from properly caring for their pets. Pet care should be fun, not burdensome, and so our goal with this project was to assist owners with pet care by providing a system that automates diet management.
A controller is used to activate a mechanical assembly using which a fixed amount of food is dispensed from the feeder unit after a specific duration the amount of food being dispensed as well as the time after which the food has to be dispensed can be entered using a keypad. A memory is used to save this setting.
13. INTELLIGENT STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM
Energy conservation reduces the energy consumption and energy demand per capita, and thus offsets the growth in energy supply needed to keep up with population growth. This reduces the rise in energy costs, and can reduce the need for new power plants, and energy imports. The reduced energy demand can provide more flexibility in choosing the most preferred methods of energy production.
In any city “STREET LIGHT” is one of the major power consuming factors. Most of the time we see street lights are ON even after sunrise thus wasting lot of energy. Over here we are avoiding the problem by having an automatic system which turns ON & OFF the street lights at given time or when the ambient light falls below a specific intensity. All streetlights are connected to a central computer from where the time at which the lights are to be turned ON/OFF can be set. An LDR is used to check if the lights have turned ON or not. This status is then sent to the central computer. Thus even the blown out lights can be detected. Each controller has an LDR which is used to detect the ambient light. We can operate the system in two modes the MANUAL MODE & AUTO MODE. In MANUAL MODE the lights are TURNED ON/OFF from the central computer. In AUTO mode if the ambient light is below a specific value the lights are turned ON.
14. BUS STOP AUTOMATION(using RFID)
In any city busses are one of the most common modes of public transport. When we arrive at a bus stop we are not sure if the bus that we want to board has gone or not. We don’t even know how much time it will take for the bus to arrive. Over here we try to solve this problem to provide better service to the commuter.
Each bus contains a RFID tag which contains the bus number. And each bus stop contains a RFID reader which reads this TAG. All the bus stops are connected to each other & when a bus is detected at a stop the bus number is then sent to the next bus stop. The next bus stop receives the bus number & displays it ON the LCD along with the time at which the bus has arrived at the previous bus stop. Display is cleared only when the bus arrives at this stop & then the bus number is then sent to the Next Bus Stop.
Each bus stop consist of RFID reader whose data is sent to the Micro-Controller (8951/8952), which then sends the data to the next bus stop using 485 protocol & a LCD displays the Bus number & the time at which the bus has arrived at previous bus stop.
15. GREEN HOUSE AUTOMATION
Greenhouses are often used for growing flowers, vegetables & fruits plants. The closed environment of a greenhouse has its own unique requirements, compared with outdoor production. Pests and diseases, and extremes of heat and humidity, have to be controlled, and irrigation is necessary to provide water. Significant inputs of heat and light may be required, particularly with winter production of warm-weather vegetable.A micro controller will be used to control the basic parameters of the green house. An LDR will be used to measure the light intensity, Temperature sensor will be used to get the temperature & timely irrigation will be provided by turning ON the Motors at specific intervals. LCD will display the current temperature & light intensity. EEPROM will be used to save the temperature set point, the light intensity values & the time at which Motor has to be turned ON. RTC (Real Time Clock) will be use to get the real time & according to time the controller will turn ON & OFF the Motor. The setting for the temperature, light & Motor ON/OFF time is done through PC.
16. MULTI CHANNEL LOGIC ANALYZER
A logic analyzer is an electronic instrument that displays signals in a digital circuit that are too fast to be observed and presents it to a user so that the user can more easily check correct operation of the digital system. They are typically used for capturing data in systems that have too many channels to be examined with an oscilloscope. Isolation will be provided between the controller & the input signal in So that the controller will not be damaged due to any high voltage spike. The logic signals at different channels will be sent serially to the PC using MAX232. VB side software on the PC will then display the logic levels on the screen. This data can be stored in the PC & can be seen any time.
17. PRE-PAID ENERGY METER
The standard business model of electricity retailing involves the electricity company billing the customer for the amount of energy used in the previous month. If the retailer believes that the customer may not pay the bill, a prepayment meter may be installed. This requires the customer to make advance payment before electricity can be used. If the available credit is exhausted then the supply of electricity is automatically cut off by a relay.The METER consists of a Micro-Controller (8951/8952), a current feedback section consisting of a current transformer, a signal conditioning circuit & ADC. A pre-Paid Smart card containing a serial number & amount has to be inserted into the meter. The meter calculates the current consumption & accordingly deducts the amount from the card.
18. SCADA APPLICATION
SCADA is the abbreviation for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. The term SCADA usually refers to centralized systems which monitor and control entire sites, or complexes of systems spread out over large areas (on the scale of kilometres or miles). Most site control is performed automatically by remote terminal units. A PLC may control the temperature of a furnace through part of an industrial process, but the SCADA system may allow operators to change the set points for Temperature, and enable alarm conditions, such as loss of flow and high temperature, to be displayed and recorded.
19. DCS APPLICATION
A distributed control system (DCS) refers to a control system usually of a manufacturing system, process or any kind of dynamic system, in which the controller elements are not central in location (like the SCADA) but are distributed throughout the system with each component sub-system controlled by one or more controllers. The entire systems of controllers are connected by networks for communication and monitoring.A DCS typically uses custom designed processors as controllers and uses both proprietary interconnections and protocols for communication. Input & output modules form component parts of the DCS. The processor receives information from input modules and sends information to output modules. Elements of a distributed control system may directly connect to physical equipment such as switches, pumps and valves.
20. DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
A data acquisition system is devices designed to measure and log some parameters. The purpose of the data acquisition system is generally the analysis of the logged data and the improvement of the object of measurements. Data logging, carried out by a data acquisition system (DAS), can be used to measure parameters such as temperature and humidity in storage facilities with perishable products; the measurement data is then stored for analysis to improve quality assurance.A Micro-Controller (8951/8952) based system is used to measure different parameters like Temperature, Humidity, RPM, Pulses after specific interval. This can be ON-LINE as well as OFF-LINE system. In online system the data is directly sent to the computer so the computer should be ON till the system is ON. Whereas in the OFF-LINE system the data is stored in an EEPROM & when the PC is connected the data can be downloaded into the PC.
21. Power Line Monitoring & Protection
There is a need to monitor the voltage, current & frequency to protect devices from variation of these parameters. Our device is based on 8951/52 microcontroller & it monitors voltage, frequency & current & if these parameters go below or above the set limit a relay is turned ON which can be used to cut the power till the parameters return back to normal.A Current Transformer is used to monitor change in current where as a power Transformer is used to monitor the voltage. The signal from the two transformers as filtered & then given to the ADC which converts it into digital values & gives it to the microcontroller. The controller then compares it with the set point & accordingly Turns ON/OFF the relay.A LCD is used to display the values & set points. A keypad is used to change the set points.
22. Solar Tracker
A solar tracker is a device for orienting a solar photovoltaic panel or concentrating solar reflector or lens toward the sun. The sun's position in the sky varies both with the seasons (elevation) and time of day as the sun moves across the sky. Solar powered equipment works best when pointed at or near the sun, so a solar tracker can increase the effectiveness of such equipment over any fixed position, at the cost of additional system complexity.Sensors are used to detect the exact position of the sun. The outputs of the sensors are given to a Microcontroller which then decides in which direction the panel should be moved. Motors are used to move the panel in the required direction.
23. Unmanned Petrol Pump
Today almost all petrol pumps have a microcontroller to control the electrical pump, drive the display, measure the flow & accordingly turn OFF the electrical pump. But still a person is required to collect the money. Our project is designed to eliminate this human interaction so that there is no need of workers to fill the petrol.In this system all drivers have a RFID card called as ‘PETRO CARD’. This ‘Petro Card’ can be recharged at ‘RECHARGE POINTS’. At the Petrol Pump the driver swaps the card, the petrol pump is equipped with a RFID reader/write. The RFID reader reads the amount in the card & is displayed on the LCD. The driver then enters the quantity of petrol that has to be filled. The corresponding amount is calculated & deducted from the PETRO CARD. The electrical pump is then turned ON according to the entered amount.
24. E-Nurse
It is required to give medicines to patients on time. In this project the doctor has to enter the time & the dosage to be injected & the microcontroller injects the medicine at the set time.A RTC is used to save the real time; LCD is used to display the real time, the time the injection is to be given & the amount to be given. At the set time the controller will turn ON the motor for a duration defined by the dosage amount.
25. Weather Logging
The objective of this project is to develop a weather monitoring system & monitor parameters like temperature, humidity, pressure, light intensity, etc.Different sensors are used for different parameter measurement, the output from these sensors are analog which is then given to a ADC which converts the analog signal into digital the controller then sends this parameter to the PC where a database is maintained.
26. PC Based Multi-Channel CRO
CRO are used everywhere in colleges, labs, industries but the biggest drawback ok of a CRO is we cannot store the waveform & see it later. Over here we are designing a PC based CRO where the waveforms can be directly seen on the PC & also be saved to be seen later.The analog signal that has to be seen is first given to ADC where this analog signal is converted into digital. This digital signal is then sent serially to the PC where it can be viewed in real time as well as saved to be seen later. The number of channels can be anywhere from 1 to 8.
27. PC Based Wireless Device Control
The basic aim of the project is too TURN ON/OFF devices located at remote location using wireless communication. This signal can be sent through a microcontroller or through a PC. The signal is transmitted using IR/RF transmitter. At the receiver end the IR/RF receiver demodulates the signal & gives it to a controller, which decodes the received signal and performs the necessary action.
28. Retractable Alarm Clock
Alarm clocks are essential in almost everyone’s daily life. For most of us, we start our day to the sweet noise of our alarms. While some people wake up instantaneously to the first chirp of an alarm, some struggle everyday to get out of the bed. The Retractable Alarm Clock is the next generation alarm clock that combines both active alarm feature and penalty system that trains the users to wake up to the alarm over time. The clock in these projects consists of a head unit that is to be hanged on the ceiling above the bed and has a retractable SNOOZE button which hangs to reachable height above the bed. When the user snooze the alarm, the snooze button moves up, promoting the user to physically get up and to snooze the next time.
29. Programmable Medication Scheduler/Pill Scheudler
Patients fail to take medicines on time this is an often overlooked yet tremendously significant problem in medicine. Such compliance failures, due to forgetfulness or lack of information, result in missing dosages or taking medication incorrectly. A device capable of reminding patients which medication to take and when to take it could decrease the needlessly high rate of fatality due to non-compliance. This project is developed entirely with a target base of elderly and aging customers in mind. Different types of medicines are placed in different containers. The schedule & quantity of each medicine are stored in the controller. Once the schedule has been loaded the system becomes works autonomously. Alarm is sounded at the scheduled time & the dosage to be taken is also displayed.
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